Efficient MAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells exceeding 21% efficiency via aging treatment

The hybrid deposition method controls the surface area of the PbI2 bottom layer of the perovskite, increasing the perovskite film morphology and grain size. In addition, the aging effect reduces the lattice distortion caused by residual stress. Solvent pre-heat treatment reduces the aging time, quickly increasing the crystallinity of perovskite films and, thus, the performance of perovskite solar cells.