Spatial distribution, conversion, and ecological risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes in the sediments of black-odorous urban rivers nationwide in China

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) have become a global pollution problem, particularly in China-a major producer and user of HBCDs. However, little is known about the HBCD pollution status in urban rivers nationwide in China. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the pollution characteristics of HBCDs in 173 sediment samples from black-odorous urban rivers across China. Total HBCD concentrations ranged from not-detected to 848 ng/g dw, showing significant differences among the various sampling cities, but generally increasing from west to east China. This distribution pattern of HBCDs was strongly associated with the local industrial output, gross domestic product, and daily wastewater treatment capacity. alpha-HBCD was the predomi-nant diastereoisomer in most sediments, with an average proportion of 63.8 +/- 18.8 %, followed by gamma-HBCD (23.8 +/- 19.5 %) and beta-HBCD (12.4 +/- 6.49 %), showing a significant increase of the alpha-HBCD proportions relative to those in HBCD commercial mixtures and an opposite trend for that of gamma-HBCD. These results suggested that HBCDs might undergo isomerization from gamma-to alpha-HBCD and biotic/abiotic degradation with preference for gamma-HBCD. Of these conversions, the microbial degradation of HBCDs was further verified by the preferential transformation of (- )-alpha-, (+)-13-, and (- )-gamma-HBCDs and the detection of HBCD-degrading bacteria, including Dehalococcoides, Bacillus, Sphingobium, and Pseudomonas. A risk assessment indicated that HBCDs pose low to moderate risks to aquatic organisms in most black-odorous urban river sediments.