Composition dependence of electronic defects in CuGaS₂

CuGaS2 films grown by physical vapor deposition were studied by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, using excitation intensity and temperature-dependent analyses. We observed free and bound exciton recombinations, three donor-to-acceptor (DA) transitions, and deep-level transitions. The DA transitions at similar to 2.41, 2.398, and similar to 2.29 eV are attributed to a common donor level similar to 35 meV and two shallow acceptors at similar to 75 and similar to 90 meV and a deeper acceptor at 210 meV above the valence band. This electronic structure is similar to those of other chalcopyrite materials. The observed DA transitions are accompanied by several phonon replicas. The Cu-rich and near-stoichiometric CuGaS2 films are dominated by transitions involving the acceptor at 210 meV. All films show deep-level transitions at similar to 2.15 and 1.85 eV due to broad deep defect bands. The slightly Cu-deficient films were dominated by intense transitions at similar to 2.45 eV, which were attributed to excitonic transitions, and a broad defect transition at 2.15 eV.