Significant mobilization of REE from calc-alkaline melt into fluid during fluid exsolution: Insights from magmatic amphibole composition from Tieshan skarn Fe-Cu deposit (Hubei Province, China)

Hydrothermal fluids associated with carbonatites and peralkaline silicate rocks typically exhibit high REE content, but this is generally not the case for calc-alkaline rocks. However, the Tieshan skarn Fe-Cu deposit in the Edong district of Hubei Province in China demonstrates economic REE mineralization potential linked to calcalkaline rocks. To investigate the presence of REE enrichment in the fluid, we present textural and compositional data of rock-forming mineral amphibole from the quartz diorite in the Tieshan deposit. Three distinct types of amphibole are identified in the Tieshan quartz diorite, namely Early amphibole, Main-stage amphibole, and Late amphibole, following the crystallization sequence. Early amphibole (813-864 degrees C, 115-152 MPa) crystallized when the magma was emplaced at a depth of approximately 4.8 km. Main-stage amphibole (741-806 degrees C, 58-103 MPa) crystallized at a depth of roughly 3 km. Between the early and main-stage amphibole crystallization, the magma experienced fractional crystallization of pyroxene, amphibole, and plagioclase, resulting in a REE enrichment in the residual melt. Late amphibole crystallized subsequent to the transition from lithostatic to hydrostatic stress states (656-729 degrees C, 27-52 MPa). Significantly, the transport of REE from the magma system initiated towards the end of Main-stage amphibole crystallization. A comparison with the Tonglvshan granitic rocks in the same district indicates an elevated F content and extended fractional crystallization history in the Tieshan magma, contributing to REE enrichment in its melt. Furthermore, the high F content lowered the solidus temperature of the Tieshan magma, thereby facilitating the more efficient removal of REE into the fluid. The assimilation of evaporate into the magma possibly led to heightened sulfur and chlorine levels in the fluid, enabling the transport of a significant amount of REE.