How do mountain ecosystem services respond to changes in vegetation and climate? An evidence from the Qinling Mountains, China

•Four key ecosystem services were quantified over long time series in the QL.•The threshold points of ESs for TEM and FVC were 13.2 °C and 57.0%.•The critical points of high ESs supply for TEM, PRE, and FVC were 11.04 °C, 840 mm, and 65.4%, respectively.•The sensitive areas were mainly distributed at lower elevations of the QL.•The areas with a high ecosystem service supply were mainly distributed in the hinterland of the QL.