High-resolution particle-in-cell simulations of two-dimensional Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal modes

We present two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of 2D Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal modes, which are exact nonlinear steady-state solutions of the Vlasov-Poisson equations, on a 2D plane perpendicular to a background magnetic field, with a cylindrically symmetric electric potential localized on the plane. PIC simulations are initialized using analytic electron distributions and electric potentials from the theory. We confirm the validity of such solutions using high-resolutions up to a 2048(2 )grid. We show that the solutions are dynamically stable for a stronger background magnetic field, while keeping other parameters of the model fixed, but become unstable when the field strength is weaker than a certain value. When a mode becomes unstable, we observe that the instability begins with the excitation of azimuthal electrostatic waves that ends with a spiral pattern. (c) 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).