Long-term equatorial ionosphere variations over Ethiopia

This paper focuses on the investigation of the long-term behavior of the equatorial ionosphere in Ethiopia. To explore the extended ionospheric variations, we analyze Total Electron Content (TEC) fluctuations in conjunction with solar activity indices, including F10.7 radio flux, EUV radiation, and Sunspot Number (SSN). The dataset used encompasses GPS-derived TEC records spanning 11 consecutive years from 2007 to 2017, corresponding to the period of solar cycle 24. Our analysis shows that the highest TEC levels generally occur during the post-noon hours, while the lowest values are observed around post-midnight or early morning. Notably, exceptions to this pattern are found in 2011 and 2013 when the highest TEC levels are observed during the December solstice. Otherwise, the seasonal TEC variation exhibits a semi-annual pattern, with peak TEC values occurring during the equinoxes and the lowest values during the solstices. Further examination demonstrates that in both solar activity phases, TEC magnitude is higher during the March Equinox compared to the September Equinox, and slightly higher during the December Solstice compared to the June Solstice. This reveals an asymmetry in the seasonal variations, encompassing the equinoxes, solstices, and the ascending and descending phases of the solar cycle. Our study confirms that long-term fluctuations in ionospheric TEC closely correspond to variations in solar activity indices. Correlation analysis indicates a strong link between all solar activity indices and TEC. Notably, while a negative correlation is observed in 2007, the correlation in 2011 is remarkably stronger. Additionally, we find that the long-term TEC variation exhibits stronger correlations with EUV and F10.7 radio flux than with SSN, with correlation coefficients of 0.86, 0.85, and 0.78, respectively. Lastly, our study extends previous research by identifying the long-term trends of vertical TEC (vTEC) in relation to various driving factors such as F10.7, SSN, and EUV.