Ecosystem health evaluation of urban rivers based on multitrophic aquatic organisms

The ecosystem health evaluation method of urban rivers is significantly different from natural rivers, because of intensive human interferences and ecological restoration measures. Biotic integrity index (IBI) provides a method to quantify the response of aquatic organisms to environmental stress. Multi-trophic aquatic organisms may exhibit different responses and sensitivities to stress factors, which affects the reliability of the IBIs. This study proposed a hypothesis that the biota with the higher trophic level (whose habitat was not completely destroyed) or that of the biota with the shorter life cycle would be more sensitive in urban rivers. To prove the above hypothesis, the ecosystem health status of urban rivers was evaluated by the IBIs across multitrophic groups, including benthic invertebrates, zooplankton, phytoplankton, periphyton algae and microorganisms. The reli-ability of the IBIs was assessed by estimating their relationship with water quality index (WQI). The spatial distribution differences of the IBIs were distinguished by spatial autocorrelation analysis. The results showed that the IBI based on benthic invertebrates cannot mask the effects of dredging. Compared with the IBIs from other trophic groups, the correlation coefficients between the IBIs based on zooplankton and microorganisms and WQI were higher. Moreover, the evaluation results of Z (Zooplankton)-IBI and M (Microorganism)-IBI were able to discriminate the least, medium and highly impaired site groups divided by WQI. For the spatial response mode, Z-IBI and M-IBI could identify the high-value river sections under ecosystem restoration projects, and Z-IBI could also identify the low-value river sections under intensive human interferences. Therefore, Z-IBI and M-IBI could be recommended as the priority application in urban rivers. The constructed ecosystem health evaluation framework for urban rivers would play a guiding role in reducing impairments and restoring water ecosystem quality.