Sizing prosumer microgrid and EV battery stock for swap stations with reliability constraint

Transactive energy refers to the two-way electricity trading between the distributed energy resources and the utility grid to achieve economic and environmental benefits. This paper designs a grid-tied microgrid for operating electric vehicle (EV) battery swap stations through onsite renewable generation. Particularly we jointly optimize the EV battery inventory and the capacity of wind, solar and energy storage to minimize the station cost under energy reliability and service quality constrains. The performance of renewables-based battery swap station is examined and compared using hourly capacity factor data of wind turbine and photovoltaics from ten US cities with diverse climate profiles. The study concludes with the major findings as follows. First, reducing the photovoltaics cost by 50% makes the stations to install more solar panels in both sunny and windy cities. Second, in grid-tied mode, reducing the energy storage cost by nearly 90% does not significantly stimulate its adoption in sunny or windy locations.