Deep Learning Signature Based on Multiphase Enhanced CT for Bladder Cancer Recurrence Prediction: a Multi-Center Study

Background Accurate stratification of recurrence risk for bladder cancer (BCa) is essential for precise individualized therapy. This study aimed to develop and validate a model for predicting the risk of recurrence in BCa patients postoperatively using 3-phase enhanced CT images.Methods We retrospectively enrolled 874 BCa patients across four centers between January 2006 and December 2021. Patients from one center were used as training set, while the remaining patients went into the validation set. We trained a deep learning (DL) model based on convolutional neural networks using 3-phase enhanced CT images. The resulting prediction scores were entered into Cox regression analysis to obtain DL scores and construct a DL signature. DL scores and clinical features were then used as deep learning radioclinical signature. The predictive performance of DL signature was assessed according to concordance index and area under curve compared with deep learning radioclinical signature, clinical model and a widely accepted staging grading system. Recurrence -free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were also predicted in order to further assess survival benefits.Findings DL signature showed strong power for predicting recurrence (concordance index, 0.869; area under curve, 0.889) in validation set, outperforming other models and system. In addition, we divided RFS and OS into high and low risk groups by selecting appropriate cutoff values for DL signature, and calculated cumulative recurrence risk rates for both groups.Interpretation Our proposed DL signature shows promising potential as clinical aid for predicting postoperative recurrence risk in BCa and for stratifying the risk of RFS and OS, which can be applied to guide personalized precision therapy.