Flexible and wearable electrochemical biosensors based on 2D materials

Electrochemical biosensors are the most powerful technique for monitoring, stimulating biochemical changes in the human body. Nowadays, flexible and wearable biosensors are highly needed devices due to huge requirements of integration of multiple devices together to achieve Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 goals. Amongst all nanomaterials, 2D (Two dimensional) nanomaterials are highly efficient for the flexible electrochemical biosensor owing to unique physical and chemical properties such as high electrochemical activity, large surface area, their geometry sufficiently load the targeted molecules on a planer surface. In this chapter, the role of 2D nanomaterials for electrochemical biosensors and different types of biosensors, especially electrochemical biosensors along with components of biosensors are discussed. Fundamentals of electrochemical biosensors governing the charge transfer between the surfaces of the electrode and the electro-active analyte are explained. The detection methods of the analytic species such as enzymes, organic components in the solution are described using the redox properties. Furthermore, the use of 2D materials such as graphene, MoS2, etc. for the flexible electrochemical biosensor are explored.