Design and experimental analysis of fractal antennae with ground-defected structure for expected 6G and 5G mm-wave communication and wireless applications

This article proposes modified fractal antennae for wideband applications. The proposed antennas have a resonance frequency range of 10-40 GHz. Modified fractal antennae are designed and fabricated with a height of 1.6 mm, substrate width, and length of 35 mm(2). The simulated result shows that the peak gain is increased by 6-8 dBi for the proposed designs DGS 1 and DGS 2 concerning fractal antennae FA 1 FA 2. Based on the proposed designs, the designed DGS 1 and DGS 2 antennae radiate power with a peak directivity of 8.58-13.3 in dBi concerning fractal antennae FA 1 FA 2. The proposed antennas with expected 6G and 5G NR bands have more radiation concerning resonate frequencies such as 14, 30, and 37 GHz, and 14, 17.1, 19.5, 30, 33.2, and 36.92 GHz in the 10-40 GHz range with Phi = 0 degrees, Phi = 90 degrees, and Theta = 90 degrees concerning designs DGS 1 and DGS 2. At frequencies in the mm-wave range, the antenna has more fluctuations, and current distribution is concentrated on fractal slots, in which antennas have more radiation. Proposed antennae have pencil beam properties required for advanced 5G mm-wave communication. A more radiating antenna has a maximum return loss of 27 and 30 dB for designs DGS 1 and DGS 2, respectively. Moreover, the bandwidths covered in the 5G NR and expected 6G frequency ranges are 13.5-16.8 GHz, 27-38.1 GHz, and 12.63-14.68 GHz, 15.3-40 GHz, concerning designs DGS 1 and DGS 2. The proposed antennae have multiband, which cover more applications in the n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261 5G NR bands and expected 6G bands with the ground-based radio navigation applications, and so forth. The proposed fabricated antennas also cover 5G and expected 6G applications with good matching. The proposed antennae have been simulated using CST, and the results of the fabricated antenna have been validated using the vector network analyzer, spectrum analyzer, and power sensor.