Melanism-related prospecting behaviour likely affects re-nesting and annual fecundity in a nocturnal predator

Abstract Recent biologging technology reveals hidden life and breeding strategies of nocturnal animals. Combining animal movement patterns with individual characteristics and landscape features can uncover meaningful behaviours that directly influence fitness. Consequently, defining the proximate mechanisms and adaptive value of the identified behaviours is of paramount importance. Breeding female barn owls ( Tyto alba ), a colour-polymorphic species, recurrently visit other nest boxes at night. We described and quantified this behaviour for the first time, linking it with possible drivers, and individual fitness. We GPS-equipped 178 breeding pairs of barn owls from 2016 to 2020 in western Switzerland during the chick rearing phase. We observed that 65% of breeding females tracked were (re)visiting nest boxes while still carrying out their first brood. We modelled their prospecting parameters as a function of partner-, individual- and brood-related variables, and found that female feather eumelanism predicted the emergence of prospecting behaviour (less melanic females are usually prospecting), while increasing male parental investment increased female exploratory efforts. Ultimately, females would revisit a nest more often if they had used it in the past and were more likely to lay a second clutch afterwards, consequently having higher annual fecundity than non-prospecting females. Despite these apparent immediate benefits, they did not fledge more chicks. We highlight how phenotypic traits can be related to movement patterns and individual fitness through biologging associated with long-term field monitoring.