Adapt-N® (Yara International)

Among essential crop nutrients, nitrogen is the most challenging to manage but also the most likely to benefit from precision management technologies (van Es et al., 2007). It causes major water quality concerns, including nitrate contamination of groundwater in agricultural regions and hypoxia in estuaries. Also, gaseous forms of N are the largest contributor to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions (EPA, 2020) and fine particulate air pollution (Pinder et al. 2007). Anthropogenic N pollution, therefore, has large social costs, with estimated potential ecosystem and health damages of $157 billion annually in the USA alone (Sobota et al. 2015).