Photovoltaic Module Recycling Processes: A Review

Photovoltaic module (PVM) is a very popular energy device for green and renewable energy. Recycling of end of life (EoL) PVMs is becoming a necessity due to excessive e-waste generation. PVMs contain many precious and hazardous metals. Manufacturing of materials used in PVMs is highly energy intensive so effective recycling will increase the sustainability of the PVMs industry. There are many recycling processes available such as physical, chemical, thermal, and hybrid processes, however, optimization is required to handle huge e-waste which is expected by EoL PVMs in upcoming decades.