Nanobioreactors and nanobioprocessing nanobioelectrocatalysis in biosensors and biofuel cells

To completely harvest the theoretical energy of a fuel, new methodologies rely on new materials (e.g., nanostructures, hybrid catalysts, and modified catalysts) integrated with enzymes must be developed. This chapter discusses the several types of nanobioelectrocatalysis systems, including microbial and enzymatic, and how they are employed in biosensors and biofuel cells. Following that, we discuss the distinction between the direct and mediator electron transfer system with enzymes used for biosensors and biofuel cells. Finally, the various electrodes with nanobioelectrocatalysis will be shown used for biosensor and biofuel cells. By summarizing the current research progress herein, this chapter provides an outlook on the development and future directions of nanobioelectrocatalysis based on the different application areas. We expect that this chapter will be useful to engage readers with a general understanding of nanobioelectrocatalysis as well as a valuable reference for future research endeavors.