Coffee and Caffeine Consumption and Risk of Periodontitis: NHANES 2009 to 2014

Abstract Objectives In this study, assessing whether coffee consumption and caffeine intake were associated with periodontitis infection separately was set as the objective. Materials and Methods Divided into binary and continuous categories, coffee consumption was set as the exposure variable along with caffeine intake and periodontitis infection as the outcome variables. Other covariables were regarded as potential confounders. The cross-sectional study was conducted based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with multivariate regression models, subgroup analyses, smooth fitting curves, and threshold effect examinations conducted to pursue a definite correlation between exposures and the outcome. Results Negative associations were discovered between binary coffee consumption and caffeine intake and periodontitis infection, with all confounders adjusted. In subgroup analyses stratified by sex, diabetes mellitus status, and hypertension status, interaction and threshold effects were observed, which were revealed intuitively by smooth-fitting curves. Conclusions Significant negative associations between binary consumption and caffeine intake and periodontitis infection separately were indicated, with no evidence suggesting a credible correlation between continuous coffee consumption and periodontitis infection risk. The benefits of the behavior of consuming coffee and consuming caffeine were more obvious among males and individuals who do not suffer from diabetes or hypertension.