Chemistry, electrochemistry, and electrochemical applications of sodium

Sodium metal discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 belongs to the alkali metals group and found application in several industrial sectors. Sodium metal cannot be found in nature due to its instability, but it is found in a variety of salts, especially sodium chloride. The sodium metal extraction has encountered several changes over the years. Both sodium metal and sodium salts are involved in many industrial applications. However, several challenges threaten the use of sodium metal, such as its instability in contact with water and air, due to its reactive nature, which leads to difficulties in handling and to safety issues. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the different aspects of sodium and corresponding salts, namely, physico-chemical properties, extraction methods, and their industrial applications. Finally, insights about sodium-ion and sodium metal batteries are reported as well.