Nasoseptal Flap Skills Training Using 3D Simulation and a Cadaveric Model

Background: Using a pedicled nasoseptal flap to close a CSF leak may be technically challenging. Acquiring expertise can be difficult due to the limited number of training opportunities. Hands-on training on cadaveric models is feasible but resource consuming. Three-dimensional (3D) printed models are less costly and have shown promise for surgical training but may lack realism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare 3D printed models to cadaveric models as a training tool for skull base defect reconstruction.