Wellness in Parkinson’s Disease: A Framework for Management Using a Holistic Culturally Sensitive Approach

The concept of wellness has yet to be formally adopted in Parkinson’s disease (PD) management despite its potential to improve quality of life. Currently, PD treatment is usually focused on symptomatic therapies for motor symptom relief using medications or devices. While the focus on non-motor symptoms has increased in the last decade, it remains suboptimal. Future clinical practice should strive to incorporate the more holistic 'dashboard vitals of PD', which include comorbidities/polypharmacy and dental, vision, bone, and gut health and go beyond just motor and non-motor issues. Furthermore, recognizing and addressing the cultural context of the patient and practising healthcare from a place of cultural humility can help decrease barriers to care and build trust. Promoting self-agency through personalized lifestyle interventions, such as healthy diet, exercise, sleep routines, mind–body approaches and social support, can make them more accessible and easier to maintain. Building upon the concept of personalized medicine in PD, wellness programmes can proactively target non-motor issues and mental and psychosocial health by enhancing resilience and supporting social connections. The desired outcome of a wellness approach extends beyond the traditional medical model to improve quality of life in a more enduring manner.