3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase evolved an ordered and distinct active site to promote elastic cuticle formation and blood intake in Aedes aegypti

Abstract 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase (DHPAAS) catalyzes the direct conversion of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DHPAA), an important intermediate in the formation of flexible insect cuticle. In order to clarify the precise roles DHPAAS plays in insect development and survival, DHPAAS was characterized throughout the physiological to the molecular levels. Extensive in vivo experiments in Aedes aegypti confirm that DHPAAS is essential for blood feeding, egg development and cuticle structure formation. The crystal structure of insect DHPAAS was then solved to reveal the structural basis underlying the catalytic production of the key cuticle intermediate DHPAA. The molecular view shows a DHPAAS active site that is distinct from that of the homologous enzyme 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase. Stabilization of the flexible 320–350 region is observed to position the 350–360 loop towards the catalytic asparagine residue, and these distinct features are suggested to promote pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent amine oxidation. Additional molecular dynamics simulations further support the involvement of Phe82, Tyr83 and Asn195 in substrate binding and catalysis, and also shows increased fluctuations limited to loop residues 330–345 in Aedes aegypti DHPAAS.