Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3): A sustainable solution for mitigating environmental impact in the construction sector

The impact of global warming on the construction sector is a serious issue in today's world; this might be attributed to the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) during the production process of Portland cement. Due to its advantages, cement plays a major role in the construction of civil infrastructures. Cement production is not only responsible for global warming and also creates a risk of raw material deficiency. To reduce the over exploitation of virgin materials, Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), with a proportion of Clinker 50 %, Limestone 30 %, Calcined Clay 15 % and gypsum 5 %, is found to be a suitable and sustainable alternative to preserve the ecosystem. As a result, attempts were undertaken in this work to create a mixture design approach for LC3 with the primary objective of developing higher compressive strength (CS) in a cost-effective manner. The relationship between the water to binder ratios and 28-d CS has been examined to suggest a conceptual mixture design strategy for LC3 rationally. The 28-day CS of 46.2 MPa has been observed. The suggested design technique has been presented step by step and validated using an example based on the guidelines illustrated by IS 10,262. The design technique aims to produce a concrete mix that meets specific strength, workability, and durability requirements while considering the environmental conditions and properties of materials available. The study emphasizes a systematic approach to concrete mix design, considering various factors like water-cement ratio, aggregate proportions, and workability requirements to ensure the resulting concrete meets the desired performance standards. Compliance with IS 10,262:2019 ensures that concrete used in construction is designed systematically and according to established guidelines, leading to higher quality and more predictable performance in structural applications. Further, to access the sustainability of the developed LC3 mix Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) of LC3 was reported starting from raw material procurement to the production of concrete as the final product. In this LCA analysis, the monetary cost involved in the production of concrete, energy demand and GHG emission of the LC3 was compared with the conventional concrete. The result from the analysis revealed that LC3 possess superior performance in terms of energy requirement and GHG emission than the OPC concrete.