Sumoylation and phosphorylation of PTEN boosts and curtails autophagy respectively by influencing cell membrane localisation

Autophagy is involved in the entirety of cellular survival, homeostasis and death which becomes more selfevident when its dysregulation is implicated in several pathological conditions. PTEN positively regulates autophagy and like other proteins undergo post-translational modifications. It is crucial to investigate the relationship between PTEN and autophagy as it is generally observed to be negligible in PTEN deficient cancer cells. Here, we have shown that such modifications of PTEN namely sumoylation and phosphorylation upregulates and downregulates autophagy respectively. Transfection of plasmid containing full length PTEN in PTENnegative prostate cancer cell line PC3, induced autophagy on further starvation. When a sumoylation-deficient mutant of PTEN was transfected and cells were put under similar starvation, a decline in autophagy was observed. On the other hand, cells transfected with phosphorylation-deficient mutant of PTEN showed elevated expression of autophagy. Contrarily, transfection with phosphorylation-mimicking mutant caused reduced expression of autophagy. On further analysis, it was detected that PTEN's association with the plasma membrane was under positive and negative influence from its sumoylation and phosphorylation respectively. This association is integral as it is the foremost site for PTEN to oppose PI3K/AKT pathway and consequently upregulate autophagy. Thus, this study indicates that sumoylation and phosphorylation of PTEN can control autophagy via its cell membrane association.