Impact of climate change and oligotrophication on quality and quantity of lake primary production: A case study in Lake Biwa

Global climate change and anthropogenic oligotrophication are expected to reshape the dynamics of primary production (PP) in aquatic ecosystems; however, few studies have explored their long-term effects. In theory, the PP of phytoplankton in Lake Biwa may decline over decades due to warming, heightened stratification, and anthropogenic oligotrophication. Furthermore, the PP of large phytoplankton, which are inedible to zooplankton, along with biomass-specific productivity (PBc), could decrease. In this study, data from 1976–2021 and active fluorometry measurements taken in 2020 and 2021 were evaluated. Quantitatively, the temporal dynamics of mean seasonal PP during 1971–2021 were assessed according to the carbon fixation rate to investigate relationships among environmental factors. Qualitatively, phytoplankton biomass, PP, and PBc were measured in two size fractions [edible (S) or inedible (L) for zooplankton] in 2020 and 2021, and the L:S balance for these three measures was compared between 1992 (low-temperature/high-nutrient conditions) and 2020–2021 (high-temperature/low-nutrient conditions) to assess seasonal dynamics. The results indicated that climate change and anthropogenic oligotrophication over the past 50 years have diminished Lake Biwa’s PP since the 1990s, impacting the phenology of PP dynamics. However, the L:S balance in PP and PBc has exhibited minimal change since 1992. These findings suggest that, although climate change and oligotrophication may reduce overall PP, they do not markedly alter the inedible/edible phytoplankton balance in terms of PP and PBc. Instead, as total PP declines, the production of small edible phytoplankton decreases proportionally, potentially affecting trophic transfer efficiency and material cycling in Lake Biwa. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. * F v /F m : maximum PSII photochemical efficiency in the dark-adapted state σ PSII(BGO) : PSII light absorption cross-section under blue, green, and orange excitation flashes PBC : carbon fixation rate per seston C per day PBC max : maximum carbon fixation rate per seston C per day αC : initial slope of the light-production curve based on seston C PP : gross primary production per area per day