Evolution of Opsin Genes in Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera)

Insects have evolved complex and diverse visual systems controlled by light-sensing protein molecules called opsins, which couple with a chromophore to form photopigments. Insect photopigments group into three major gene families based on wavelength sensitivity: long wavelength (LW), short wavelength (SW), and ultraviolet wavelength (UV). Here, we identified 123 opsin sequences from whole genome assemblies across 25 species of caddisfly (Insecta: Trichoptera). We discovered the LW opsins have the most diversity across species and form two separate clades in the opsin gene tree. Conversely, we observed a loss of the SW opsin in half of the trichopteran species in this study, which might be associated with the fact that caddisflies are active during low-light conditions. Lastly, we found a single copy of the UV opsin in all the species in this study, with one exception: Athripsodes cinereus has two copies of the UV opsin and resides within a clade of caddisflies with colorful wing patterns. Significance While opsin evolution in some insect groups has been well-characterized, it has never been studied across caddisflies. Our findings provide insight into the diversity of opsins in caddisflies and form a basis for further research into the evolutionary drivers and complex visual systems in Trichoptera. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.