Bioinspired Multifunctional Self-Sensing Actuated Gradient Hydrogel for Soft-Hard Robot Remote Interaction

Highlights The bioinspired self-sensing actuated gradient hydrogel was developed by a wettability-based method via precipitation of MoO 2 nanosheets. Self-sensing actuated gradient hydrogel combined ultrafast thermo-responsive actuation (21° s –1 ), exceptional photothermal efficiency (3.7 °C s –1 ) and high sensing properties (GF = 3.94). The first self-sensing remote interaction system based on gradient hydrogel actuators and robotic hands was constructed.