Multilevel mixed-effect models to predict wood volume in a Amazon forest

Accurate wood volume predictions are critical in hyperdiverse forests because each species has specific size and shape traits. Although generic models at a multispecies level were widely used in Amazonian managed forests, they are subject to more significant bias due to interspecific variability. We used an extensive database of wood volume collected in managed forests to test the hypothesis that generic models violate the independence assumption due to that predictions vary with species-specific size. Our hypothesis was proved as residuals of the generic model were conditioned to species and specific size. lhe multilevel models were more accurate both in fitting and validation procedures, and accounted for variance derived from species and specific size, providing a more reliable prediction. However, we found that the size-specific models have a similar predictive ability to species-specific models for new predictions. lhis implies more practical estimates in hyperdiverse forests where fitting species-specific models can be complex. lhe findings are crucial for sustainable forest management as they allow for more reliable wood volume estimates, leading to less financial uncertainty and preventing damage to forest stocks through under or over-exploitation.