Real-time energy management strategy for flexible traction power supply system

Energy management strategies (EMS) for the flexible traction power supply system (FTPSS) typically depend on the accurate predictive model or probabilistic estimation of traction load and renewable energy generation. However, it can be challenging due to the ultra -short-term dramatic fluctuation in traction load profile. To address the issue, a model -free EMS is proposed to achieve the power dispatch in real time based on the current state. Firstly, a sequential stochastic optimization model is built to optimize the long-term operating cost and load fluctuation. Through the relaxation of time -coupling constraints and incorporation of the Lyapunov optimization technique, the problem is decomposed into individual optimization problems at each time slot. Considering the complementary characteristic of hybrid energy storage system, a bi-level optimization framework is constructed to separately control powers of the supercapacitor and battery with the hierarchical sequence method. More importantly, a fully informative control strategy with the known future load profile and renewable energy generation is adopted as the evaluation benchmark. The gap between the proposed method and the benchmark can be demonstrated to fall within a certain range of below 10% by mathematical derivation and extensive cases.