Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis induced by nivolumab/ipilimumab combination therapy: A case of lung adenocarcinoma that responded to early steroid pulse therapy

BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors have been reported to have excellent therapeutic effects on various malignant tumors. However, immune-related adverse events can occur, targeting various organs.Case presentationA 49-year-old male with lung carcinoma was started on carboplatin + pemetrexed + nivolumab (every 3 weeks) + ipilimumab (every 6 weeks), and nivolumab/ipilimumab was administered in the 3rd course. Subsequently, fever and fatigue developed, and grade 3 liver damage was also noted, so he was admitted to Kindai University Hospital. A bone marrow aspirate examination was performed on the third day of illness, and a definitive diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was made. It was determined that immediate therapeutic intervention was necessary, and pulse therapy with methylprednisolone was started on the third day of illness. After 3 days of pulse treatment, a rapid recovery of platelet values, a decrease in ferritin levels, and a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase were observed. Subjective symptoms such as fever and fatigue also quickly improved.ConclusionEarly diagnosis and treatment for HLH resulted in a positive response. The number of HLH cases may increase in the future due to the expansion of immune checkpoint inhibitor indications.