Synergistic impacts of wintertime regional snow anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere on the summer rainfall pattern in China

Changes in winter snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) could have a profound impact on mid-latitude weather. Previous studies have focused on the role of regional, e.g. Eurasian or Tibetan, snow cover in summer precipitation anomaly, without considering the synergistic impacts of hemispheric wintertime snow. In this study, we find that the dominant pattern of the NH winter overall snow cover anomaly with a synergistic impact, has a stronger cross-seasonal association with the China's summer rainfall pattern than regional snow cover anomaly. We summarize three synergistic impact paths of regional snow cover. One is extratropical path, that is the westerlies are affected by less snow in Europe through the snow-soil moisture-atmospheric feedback, and the influence is strengthened by less snow in Mongolia through enhanced temperature anomalies. The second is subtropical path, that is the meridional thermal difference anomaly caused by more snow anomaly on the Tibetan Plateau is strengthened by less Mongolian snow and then impacts the behavior of the upper-tropospheric westerly jet. Third, concurrently, more North American snow enhances the above two synergistic influence paths via the Circumglobal Teleconnection pattern. These three paths can be simultaneously reflected in the associated circulations of the first mode of NH snow cover. Their synergistic impacts eventually influence the meridional East Asia-Pacific pattern circulation anomalies in summer, leading to increased precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin. The cross-seasonal influences of synergistic effects of multiple regional snow anomalies can be identified by CMIP6 multi-model ensembles, particularly the impact of European snow cover.