Optimizing milk production, quality and safety through essential oil applications

This study comprehensively explores the integration of essential oils (EOs) into dairy livestock nutrition and milk production, focusing on optimising various facets of dairy farming. Food safety and biosecurity are paramount when introducing EOs into dairy farming practices. Rigorous safety assessments, including toxicity, allergenicity and potential adverse effects on animal health, are essential for the welfare of both livestock and consumers. Additionally, managing EO residues is challenging due to their potential impact on dairy product composition. Moreover, the variable effects of EOs on dairy animals` performance add complexity. While EOs show potential for inhibiting oxidative reactions and microbial spoilage, their influence on nutrient utilisation, ruminal fermentation and milk performance varies. Extensive research is required to optimise EO dosage and formulation for consistent performance benefits. Sustainability is a critical concern, requiring the alignment of EO utilisation with sustainable agricultural practices to address environmental and resource constraints. Lastly, consumer perception and acceptance are vital, necessitating transparent communication and an understanding of consumer preferences to maintain trust in dairy products. Addressing these challenges enables the dairy industry to harness the full potential of EOs, ensuring ongoing safety, quality and sustainability in dairy product production. This study provides practical insights and outlines future research directions to advance dairy production, quality and safety.