Hydromorphological response of heavily modified rivers to flood releases from reservoirs: A case study of the Sp?l River, Switzerland

Releasing experimental floods as part of environmental flow programs aims to restore river beds by moving and restoring sediments to improve hydromorphological conditions of the river. However, it remains a challenge to understand how flood release characteristics affect channel morphology, sediment transport, and hydrodynamics. In this study, field surveys and a 2D hydro-morphodynamic and sediment transport numerical model were used to determine how differences in flood magnitude and falling limb alter hydrogeomorphic conditions within a 4 km reach of the lower Spol River. The model was constrained by drone flight-derived high-resolution digital elevation models and two field-measured flood releases. The highest flood magnitude of 40 m3/s resulted in 2,700 m3 of total sediment transport, 2,000 m3 of net total volumetric change and 16 900 m2 more wetted area after the flood. The same flood, simulated with an increase in falling limb slope, resulted in a decrease in the duration of full sediment mobility and a corresponding reduction of 8% in net total volumetric change and 5.3% in the total wetted area. Contrastingly, the lowest flood magnitude of 25 m3/s produced 130% lower total sediment transport, 105% lower net total volumetric changes and 10% less wetted area after the flood. Overall, we show that hydro-morphodynamic modelling of river erosion and deposition combined with spatially rich topographic datasets are extremely useful in forming designed environmental flood scenarios to optimise sediment transport and thus hydrogeomorphic changes to set environmental flows. We contend that scenario modelling is necessary to help water managers optimise the amount of water allocated to environmental flows and to simultaneously restore and maintain riverine dynamics in heavily modified rivers. This research applied a 2D numerical modelling to execute the hydro-morphodynamic simulations of flood scenarios using a wealth of pre- and post-experimental flood data available at the Lower Spol River. Overall, we show that hydro-morphodynamic modelling of river erosion and deposition combined with spatially rich topographic datasets are extremely useful in forming designed environmental flood scenarios to optimise sediment transport and thus hydrogeomorphic changes to set environmental flows.image