Regulating the Electron-Deficient Component in A-DA1D-A Typed Small-Molecule Acceptors for High-Performance Organic Solar Cells

Fine-tuning of the electron-deficient unit in A-DA1D-A typed small-molecule acceptors(SMAs)plays a crucial role in developing efficient SMAs for organic solar cells(OSCs).Here,we developed a SMA based on benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-b]quinoxaline,designated as QW1,as well as three SMAs based on 1-methylindoline-2,3-dione,identified as QW2,QW3,and QW4.Compared with QW2,QW1 displays slightly blue-shifted absorption spectra and a lower LUMO energy level due to the stronger electron-withdrawing capability of BTQx in contrast to MDO.On the other hand,the introduction of a bromine atom in QW3 and QW4 causes a blue shift in absorp-tion and a reduction in the LUMO energy level compared to QW2.Density functional theory analysis reveals that QW1 exhibits the best molecular planarity,which endows QW1 with larger electron mobility and tighter molecular stacking.Consequently,PM6:QW1 device affords a better efficiency of 15.63％than those of the devices based on QW2(14.25％),QW3(13.21％)and QW4(15.03％).Moreover,the QW4-based device yields the highest open-circuit voltage of 0.933 V,and the PM6:L8-BO:QW4 ternary device realizes a PCE of 19.03％.Overall,our work demonstrates that regulation of electron-deficient central units is an effective strategy to improve the photovoltaic performance of the resulting A-DA1D-A SMAs.