BadR directly represses the expression of the glycerol utilization operon in the Lyme disease pathogen

Glycerol utilization as a carbohydrate source by Borreliella burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete, is critical for its successful colonization and persistence in the tick vector. The expression of the glpFKD (glp) operon, which encodes proteins for glycerol uptake/utilization, must be tightly regulated during the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi. Previous studies have established that the second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is required for the activation of glp expression, while an alternative sigma factor RpoS acts as a negative regulator for glp expression. In the present study, we report identification of a cis element within the 5 ' untranslated region of glp that exerts negative regulation of glp expression. Further genetic screen of known and predicted DNA-binding proteins encoded in the genome of B. burgdorferi uncovered that overexpressing Borrelia host adaptation regulator (BadR), a known global regulator, dramatically reduced glp expression. Similarly, the badR mutant significantly increased glp expression. Subsequent electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses demonstrated that BadR directly binds to this cis element, thereby repressing glp independent of RpoS-mediated repression. The efficiency of BadR binding was further assessed in the presence of c-di-GMP and various carbohydrates. This finding highlights multi-layered positive and negative regulatory mechanisms employed by B. burgdorferi to synchronize glp expression throughout its enzootic cycle. IMPORTANCE Borreliella burgdorferi, the Lyme disease pathogen, must modulate its gene expression differentially to adapt successfully to its two disparate hosts. Previous studies have demonstrated that the glycerol uptake and utilization operon, glpFKD, plays a crucial role in spirochetal survival within ticks. However, the glpFKD expression must be repressed when B. burgdorferi transitions to the mammalian host. In this study, we identified a specific cis element responsible for the repression of glpFKD. We further pinpointed Borrelia host adaptation regulator as the direct binding protein to this cis element, thereby repressing glpFKD expression. This discovery paves the way for a deeper exploration of how zoonotic pathogens sense distinct hosts and switch their carbon source utilization during transmission.