Unraveling quantum capacitance in supercapacitors: Energy storage applications

In recent years, supercapacitors have become essential in energy storage applications. Electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are known for their impressive energy storage capabilities. With technological advancements, researchers have turned to advanced computer techniques to improve the materials used in EDLCs. Quantum capacitance (QC), an often-overlooked factor, has emerged as a crucial player in enhancing energy storage. This comprehensive review explores quantum capacitance across various nano-materials, focusing on sustainable energy solutions. The investigation delves into adsorption phenomena, atom manipulation, surface treatments, multi-layer structures, hetero structure and strain effects. Here, we specifically review pristine materials like graphene, borophene, silicene, phosphorene, iodinene, and members of the maxene family, along with carbon nanotubes (CNT), to provide a detailed understanding of their quantum capacitance characteristics. Atom-doped materials exhibit significant enhancements in quantum capacitance, while multi-layered structures show the potential for increased energy storage. Precise material engineering through strain modifications further optimizes electrode performance. Surface treatments play a vital role in fine-tuning capacitance properties, enhancing the versatility of supercapacitors. The outcome show the practical significance of these findings in the context of green energy solutions. The insights presented here offer invaluable guidance for designing nextgeneration energy storage devices as the world transitions to sustainable energy systems.