Sleep Fragmentation Disrupts Lyme Arthritis Resolution in Mice

Study objectives: Lyme arthritis is a common late -stage complication of infection by Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease. Patients with Lyme arthritis report increased levels of sleep disturbance associated with pain. Using a mouse model of experimental Lyme arthritis, we investigated the effect of disrupted sleep on the development and resolution of joint inflammation. Methods: Lyme arthritis -susceptible C3H/HeJ mice (n = 10/group) were infected with B. burgdorferi and were left either alone (control) or subjected to sleep fragmentation (SF). Arthritis development or resolution were monitored. The impact of SF on immune and inflammatory parameters such as arthritis severity scores, anti- borrelia antibody production, and bacterial clearance was measured. We also determined the effect of SF on arthritis resolution in C3H mice deficient in leukotriene (LT) B4 signaling (BLT1/2-/-) who display delayed Lyme arthritis resolution. Results: SF had no significant impact on Lyme arthritis development or inflammatory parameters regardless of whether SF treatment began 1 week prior to or congruent with infection. However, initiation of SF at the peak of arthritis resulted in a significant delay in arthritis resolution as measured by joint edema, arthritis severity scores, and decreased bacterial clearance from the joint. This was accompanied by significant changes in joint cytokine transcription levels (e.g., increased TNF alpha and decreased IL -4). SF has no significant impact on Lyme arthritis resolution in the BLT1/2-/- mice. Conclusions: Poor sleep, especially near the peak of arthritis inflammation, may delay initiation of resolution programs possibly through altering cytokine production and host immune responses, leading to defects in spirochete clearance and prolonged disease.