A-B transition in superfluid ^3He and cosmological phase transitions
arxiv(2024)
摘要
First order phase transitions in the very early universe are a prediction of
many extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics and could provide the
departure from equilibrium needed for a dynamical explanation of the baryon
asymmetry of the Universe. They could also produce gravitational waves of a
frequency observable by future space-based detectors such as the Laser
Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). All calculations of the gravitational wave
power spectrum rely on a relativistic version of the classical nucleation
theory of Cahn-Hilliard and Langer, due to Coleman and Linde. The high purity
and precise control of pressure and temperature achievable in the laboratory
made the first-order A to B transition of superfluid ^3He an ideal for test
of classical nucleation theory. As Leggett and others have noted the theory
fails dramatically. The lifetime of the metastable A phase is measurable,
typically of order minutes to hours, far faster than classical nucleation
theory predicts. If the nucleation of B phase from the supercooled A phase is
due to a new, rapid intrinsic mechanism that would have implications for
first-order cosmological phase transitions as well as predictions for
gravitational wave (GW) production in the early universe. Here we discuss
studies of the AB phase transition dynamics in ^3He, both experimental and
theoretical, and show how the computational technology for cosmological phase
transition can be used to simulate the dynamics of the A-B transition, support
the experimental investigations of the A-B transition in the QUEST-DMC
collaboration with the goal of identifying and quantifying the mechanism(s)
responsible for nucleation of stable phases in ultra-pure metastable quantum
phases.
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