Molecular force-induced liberation of transforming growth factor-beta remodels the spleen for ectopic liver regeneration

•A spleen possesses desirable features for growing a liver, except for the requirement of an ECM-rich matrix.•The spleen has abundant TGF-β stored in inactive, latent form that can be activated to remodel tissue matrix in situ.•sHA-X mechanically liberates TGF-β from the latent complex in the spleen, stimulating collagen production and eventually remodelling the matrix.•The remodelled spleen supports the growth and functions of transplanted liver cells in the spleen.