Designing of multifunctional graphene quantum dot-polyvinyl alcohol-polyglycerol luminescent film for fluorescence detection of pH in sweat

Background: Wound infection, skin disease, renal failure, cancer, cystic fibrosis, and other pathologies may induce obvious pH changes in sweat. Thus, tracking skin pH changes can help monitor human health in a convenient manner. Owing to their biocompatibility, easy preparation, and sensitive response to pH changes, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have received increased attention in the optical detection of pH changes. However, their poor luminescent efficiency under visible light excitation and lack of functional diversification limit their application in skin pH monitoring. Therefore, the development of GQDs with excellent ultraviolet protection ability and antibacterial and luminescence performance is essential. Results: Folic acid-, histidine-, and serine-functionalized boron-doped graphene quantum dots (FHSB-GQDs) were designed and synthesized via thermal treatment. The resulting FHSB-GQDs exhibit strong yellow fluorescence emission under excitation with 490-nm visible light and sensitive pH responsiveness. The peak fluorescence intensity linearly decreases with increasing pH from 4 to 9. Furthermore, the FHSB-GQDs were integrated with polyvinyl alcohol and polyglycerol to form a luminescent film via hydrogen bond interactions. The film exhibits high transparency, mechanical flexibility, ultraviolet protection ability, and antibacterial activity. The presence of polyvinyl alcohol and polyglycerol restricts the free movement of the FHSB-GQDs and improves fluorescence behavior. The film was successfully applied in an intelligent pH -sensing system for monitoring pH changes in human sweat. Significance: The graphene quantum dot-polyvinyl alcohol-polyglycerol luminescent film offers excellent transparency, mechanical flexibility, ultraviolet protection ability, antibacterial activity, and luminescence performance. It was successfully applied in an intelligent pH sensing system for the detection of pH changes in human sweat. This study provides a new strategy for the design and construction of wearable sensing systems for health monitoring, facial masks, and medical dressings.