Ensuring pain medication dosage: A real-time intravenous opioid monitoring system.

Monitoring the dosage of opioids such as fentanyl and morphine in clinical settings is critical to ensuring adequate pain relief for patients while preventing under/overdosage. Despite numerous hospital regulations and procedures to ensure the right dosage is being administered, medication errors still occur. These procedures rely on implicit trust that there were no mistakes in each verification step, but fail to ensure that the solutions were not tampered with before administration. This work addresses this problem by developing an electrochemical-based sensor and wireless potentiostat that measures opioid concentrations continuously while connected in line with an IV drip system. We present measurements of fentanyl and morphine concentrations and validate the clinical use case through real-time fluidic measurements connected to a flow cell.