A stepped-wedge randomised controlled trial to assess efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a care-bundle to prevent falls in older hospitalised patients

Background Patient accidental falls in a hospital environment are a serious problem for patient safety, and for the additional costs due to associated medical interventions.Objective The endpoints of this study were the assessment of the fall incidence in the hospital before and after the implementation of a multidisciplinary care-bundle, along with a cost-effectiveness evaluation.Design A stepped-wedge trial was conducted between April 2015 and December 2016 in Bologna University Hospital.Methods Incidence rates (IRs) of falls in both the control and intervention periods were calculated. A multilevel mixed-effects generalised linear model with logit link function, adjusted for age, sex, cluster cross-over timing and patients' clinical severity was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) of fall risk of patients of the intervention group respect to the controls. Intervention costs associated with the introduction of the care-bundle intervention were spread between patients per cluster-period-group of exposure. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was evaluated using total costs in the intervention and control groups.Methods Incidence rates (IRs) of falls in both the control and intervention periods were calculated. A multilevel mixed-effects generalised linear model with logit link function, adjusted for age, sex, cluster cross-over timing and patients' clinical severity was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) of fall risk of patients of the intervention group respect to the controls. Intervention costs associated with the introduction of the care-bundle intervention were spread between patients per cluster-period-group of exposure. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was evaluated using total costs in the intervention and control groups.Results IRs of falls in control and intervention periods were respectively 3.15 and 2.58 for 1,000 bed-days. After adjustment, the subjects receiving the intervention had a statistically significant reduced risk of falling with respect to those who did not (OR = 0.71, 95% confidence interval: 0.60-0.84). According to the cost-effectiveness analysis, the incremental cost per fall prevented was euro873.92 considering all costs, and euro1644.45 excluding costs related falls.Conclusions Care-bundle had a protective effect on patients, with a statistically significant reduction of the fall risk. This type of intervention appears cost-effective compared to routine practices.