A self-calibrating ratiometric fluorescence sensor with photonic crystal-based signal amplification for the detection of tetracycline in food

A dual-color ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on photonic crystals (PCs) was developed to detect tetracycline (TC) in food. PC was fabricated via self-assembly of carbon dots (CDs)–loaded SiO2 nanoparticles. Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and copper ions (Cu2+) were then adsorbed onto the PC for sensor fabrication. The fluorescence of AuNCs was amplified by the PC with an enhancement ratio of 7.6, providing higher sensitivity. The fluorescence of AuNCs was quenched by Cu2+, whereas that of CDs remained unchanged as an internal reference. TC restored the fluorescence of AuNCs owing to its complexation with Cu2+, resulting in a change in the fluorescence intensity ratio. The sensor exhibited a good linear relationship with TC concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM, with a detection limit of 34 nM. Furthermore, the sensor was applied for TC detection in food with satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations, revealing great potential in practical application.