Advancing sustainable seawater disinfection: Enhanced inactivation and mechanism of pulsed UV-LEDs irradiation on Tetraselmis sp.

Ultraviolet light -emitting diodes (UV -LEDs), as a novel ultraviolet light source with flexible pulse mode, has gained significant attention for applications in water disinfection and food sterilization. This study investigated the comparative inactivation efficiency of Tetraselmis sp. with continuous and pulsed UV -LEDs irradiation, exploring different wavelengths, duty rates and pulse frequencies. The results reveal a significant enhancement in inactivation efficiency (p < 0.05) under pulsed conditions even at the same UV dose, with inactivation efficiency increasing as duty rate or pulse frequency decreases. The optimal conditions for achieving peak inactivation efficacy are identified as a duty rate of 50% and a pulse frequency of 5 Hz. Within this parameter space, pulsed irradiation leads to a remarkable 1.7 -fold increase in inactivation efficiency at UV265 nm and a 1.5 -fold increase at UV285 nm compared to continuous irradiation, respectively. Additionally, the disruptive impacts on photosynthetic performance are more pronounced with pulsed irradiation, particularly at the 5 Hz pulse frequency. In shed of these findings, the application of pulsed UV -LEDs irradiation emerges as a promising alternative to the conventional continuous UV disinfection methods in the area of seawater disinfection, offering higher disinfection efficacy and energy consumption.