Advancements in nanomaterial based flame-retardants for polymers: A comprehensive overview

Flame-retardants play a crucial role in enhancing the fire safety of various materials. However, the use of traditional halogenated flame-retardants has raised concerns due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, the demand for flame-retardant polymers with improved safety and environmental performance has driven extensive research in developing halogen-free alternatives. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates to enhance the performance of environmentally friendly flame-retardants, however, alone, these nanomaterials do not behave as flame retardants. This review explores various types of nanomaterials utilized as additives in flame-retardant applications. Each category has its unique properties and mechanisms of flame retardancy. It evaluates their efficacy in polymers, textiles, and construction materials, considering factors such as flame retardancy, thermal stability, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of halogen-free flame-retardants, focusing on their mechanisms, performance, and environmental implications. Strategies for enhancing biodegradability need to be explored to ensure the sustainable use of these materials.