Extraction and characterisation of kudzu root residue lignin based on deep eutectic solvents

IntroductionLignin has great potential as the most abundant renewable phenolic polymer. Studies have shown that lignin structure varies depending on different sources and different extraction methods. However, there are few studies on lignin in kudzu root residue.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to explore optimal extraction conditions of Pueraria lobata residue lignin (PLL) with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and characterise the structure and morphology of PLL.MethodsFirstly, the chemical composition of kudzu root residue was determined by the Van-soest method. Then, betaine was used as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), nine kinds of common acids and alcohol were selected as hydrogen bond donor (HBD) to synthesise a DES to extract lignin from kudzu root residue. The influence of conditions on the extraction of PLL was explored by a betaine-based DES according to a single-factor experiment, and then the best process of PLL extraction was determined by an orthogonal experiment. Finally, the morphology and structure of PLL were analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and NMR.ResultsCellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash content in kudzu root residue were 41.13%, 16.39%, 25.03%, and 0.41%, respectively. When the DES consisted of betaine and formic acid, the solid-liquid ratio was 1:45, the extraction time was 5.5 h at 160 degrees C, the extraction yield of lignin was 89.29%, and the purity was 83.01%. PLL was composed of interconnected spherical particles with good thermal stability and narrow polydispersity index (PDI) distribution. FTIR and 2D-heteronuclear singular quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR illustrated that PLL was a typical G-type and S-type lignin.ConclusionThis study would fill the gap of research on lignin in kudzu root residue and provide a theoretical reference for the utilisation of lignin in kudzu roots as well as a new thinking for the recycling of kudzu root resources. Deep eutectic solvents which composed of biomass-based betaine and a variety of carboxylic acids, were investigated to extract lignin from kudzu roots. The single-factor and orthogonal experiments were carried out using the extraction yield of lignin as the indicator to acquire the optimum conditions. Morphological and structural experiments data indicate that kudzu lignin is a SG-type lignin with nano-network. Kudzu lignin has medium molecular weight and small dispersion coefficient, all of which leads to the excellent physical and chemical stability.