Implications of two-component systems EnvZ/OmpR and BaeS/BaeR in in vitro temocillin resistance in Escherichia coli

Background BaeS/BaeR is a two-component system of Escherichia coli that controls the expression of porins and efflux pumps. Its role in beta-lactam resistance is limited. Objectives To study the role of baeS/baeR two-component system in temocillin resistance in E. coli. Methods E. coli strain BW25113 and single-gene deletion mutants related to two-component systems were collected from the KEIO collection. Double-gen deletion mutants were generated. Temocillin-resistant mutant frequencies were determined at 32 mg/L. E. coli BW25113 mutants were selected by selective pressure from serial passages. Biological costs were analysed by growth curves. Genomes of the generated mutants were sequenced. The expression level of the mdtA, mdtB, mdtC, acrD and tolC in the Delta baeS mutant was determined by RT-PCR (with/without temocillin exposure). Results The frequency of temocillin mutants ranged from 2.12 x 10(-8) to 4.51 x 10(-8) in single-porin mutants. No mutants were recovered from E. coli BW25113 (>10(-9)). Selection of temocillin-resistant variants by serial passage yielded mutants up to 128 mg/L. Mutations were found in the baeS gene. Temocillin MICs ranged from 4 to 32 mg/L (highest MICs for Delta baeS and Delta ompR). The efflux pumps mdtA, mdtB, mdtC and acrD pumps were overexpressed 3-10-fold in the presence of temocillin in Delta baeS compared to control. Conclusions Mutations in the sensor histidine kinase, baeS, may be involved in temocillin resistance through the expression of the efflux pumps mdtABC and acrD. In addition, the low mutation rate may be a good predictor of temocillin activity.