New graphene-containing pharmaceutical formulations for infrared lamps-based phototherapy of skin cancer: In vitro validation and ex-vivo human skin permeation

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of human cancer, and treatment usually involves surgery, with alternative strategies being needed. We propose the use of carbopol hydrogels (HG) for topical administration of nanographene oxide (GOn) and partially-reduced nanographene oxide (p-rGOn) for photothermal therapy (PTT) of BCC. GOn and p-rGOn incorporated into the HG present lateral sizes similar to 200 nm, being stable for 8 months. After 20 min irradiation with an infrared (IR) photothermal therapy lamp (15.70 mW cm(-2)), GOn-HG increased temperature to 44.7 degrees C, while p-rGOn-HG reached 47.0 degrees C. Human skin fibroblasts (HFF-1) cultured with both hydrogels (250 mu g mL(-1)) maintained their morphology and viability. After 20 min IR irradiation, p-rGOn HG (250 mu g mL(-1)) completely eradicated skin cancer cells (A-431). Ex vivo human skin permeability tests showed that the materials can successfully achieve therapeutic concentrations (250 mu g mL(-1)) inside the skin, in 2.0 h for GO HG or 0.5 h for p-rGOn HG.