IFN-g inhibitory molecules derived from Eimeria maxima inhibit IL-12 secretion by modulating MAPK pathways in chicken macrophages

IFN-y plays a crucial role in resisting intracellular parasitic protozoa, such as Eimeria species. In our previous study, we identified 4 molecules derived from Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) that significantly inhibited IFN-y production. However, the mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect remains unknown. In this study, we first investigated the effects of these 4 IFN-y inhibitory molecules on the expression levels of chicken Toll-like receptors (chTLRs), IL-12, IL-10, TGF-b, and TNF-a in chicken macrophage HD11 and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The results demonstrated that these 4 inhibitory molecules significantly downregulated the mRNA levels of chTLR-2, chTLR-4, chTLR-21, and both mRNA and protein levels of IL-12. Subsequently, to clarify the effects of these 4 inhibitory molecules on the IL-12 secretion-related signaling pathways in chicken macrophages, qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the changes of key molecules involved in the signaling path-ways of IL-12 secretion (NF-kB, ERK1/2, p38, JNK, STAT3) following coincubation with these inhibitory molecules. Finally, RNAi was employed to verify the function of key molecules in the signaling pathway. The results revealed a significant upregulation in the expres-sion of ERK1/2 phosphorylated protein induced by the 4 inhibitory molecules. Knockdown of the ERK1/2 gene significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of the 4 E. maxima inhibitory molecules on IL-12. These findings indicate that the 4 inhibitory molecules can inhibit the secretion of IL-12 by upregulating the expression of ERK1/2 phosphorylated protein, which is a key molecule in the ERK-MAPK pathway. Our study may con-tribute to elucidating the mechanisms underlying immune evasion during E. maxima infections, thereby providing new insights for the control of chicken coccidiosis.