Sampling origins and directions affect the minimum sampling area in forest plots

QuestionsThe minimum sampling area (minimum area) is the smallest space that reflects species composition and characteristics of a plant community. The quantitative concept of minimum area is often estimated using species-area relationships (SARs) and has become the classical foundation for managing protected areas. However, sampling designs to determine the minimum area in different forest types have not been systematically evaluated.LocationChina.MethodsWe used tree census data from three forest dynamic plots, each with a size of 25-60 ha, in different climatic zones in China to determine the minimum areas of woody plants and to analyze the effects of species richness and topographic heterogeneity on the minimum areas by changing sampling origin and direction.ResultsWe found that mainly sampling design affects the estimation of woody plant species richness and required minimum area in different forest types. The estimated size of the minimum areas required was several hectares and varied significantly with sampling origin and direction, and showed a difference of approximately 1.5-2 times in the forest plots. Topographic heterogeneity significantly affected the minimum area through changes in species composition.ConclusionsSampling origin and direction should be considered when using SARs to estimate the minimum area and species diversity in communities. Such a comprehensive approach of sampling can contribute to a better understanding of vegetation characteristics and the minimum area required for a conservation census in heterogeneous environments. We used tree census data of three forest dynamic plots across China to estimate the minimum areas for woody plants. We found that the minimum areas required were several hectares and varied 1.5-2 times with sampling origin and direction in forests. This study suggests to take into account the sampling design when estimating the minimum area and species diversity.image