Remediation Technologies of Contaminated Sites in China: Application and Spatial Clustering Characteristics

Screening remediation technologies through the lens of green, low-carbon, and sustainable development is crucial for contaminated land management. To better understand the applicability of remediation technologies, this paper explored their application in China based on a survey of 643 cases. By employing coupled analysis and local spatial autocorrelation methods, this study reveals the alignment between remediation technologies and pollutants, along with their spatial distribution and clustering patterns. Specifically, the four primary remediation technologies identified were cement kiln co-processing (CKCP), chemical oxidation/reduction (CO/CR), thermal desorption (TR), and solidification and stabilization (S/S), collectively accounting for over 90% of the cases. Additionally, our findings indicated significant variation in how different pollutants respond to remediation technologies, largely attributable to the characteristics of the pollutants. We observed High-High clustering patterns for CKCP, CO/CR, TR, and S/S. These were predominantly found in Jiangsu, Chongqing, Shandong, and Guizhou for CKCP and CO/CR and in Hebei, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Chongqing for CO/CR. TR exhibited a High-High clustering in Shanghai, as did S/S. This research contributes to reducing the economic and resource costs associated with the trial-and-error of screening contaminated soil remediation technologies, offering valuable scientific and technological guidance for contaminated land regulation.